• 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, in which Roland is killed.
• 927 - The Saracens are conquered and destroyed Taranto.
• 1040 - King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as King of Scotland.
• 1057 - King Mac Bethad is killed in the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada.
• 1185 - The cave city of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia.
• 1248 - The foundation stone of the Cologne Cathedral, built to house the relics of the Three Wise Men, was laid. Construction eventually completed in 1880.
• 1261 - Michael VIII Palaeologus is crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.
• 1309 - The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island, and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes.
• 1461 - The Empire of Trebizond surrenders to the forces of Sultan Mehmet II. This is the real end of the Byzantine Empire. Emperor David is exiled and later murdered.
• 1517 - Seven Portuguese armed vessels led by Fernão Pires de Andrade meet Chinese officials at the Pearl River estuary.
• 1519 - Panama City, Panama, is founded.
• 1534 - Saint Ignatius of Loyola and six classmates took initial vows that would lead to the creation of the Society of Jesus in September of 1540.
• 1537 - Asunción, Paraguay, is founded.
• 1540 - Arequipa, Peru, is founded.
• 1549 - Jesuit priest Saint Francis Xavier comes ashore at Kagoshima (Traditional Japanese date: July 22, 1549).
• 1599 - Nine Years War: Battle of Curlew Pass - Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, were sent to relieve Collooney Castle.
• 1760 - Seven Years' War: Battle of Liegnitz - Frederick the Great's victory over the Austrians under Ernst von Laudon.
• 1824 - Freed American slaves form Liberia.
• 1843 - The Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu, Hawaii is dedicated. Now the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, it's the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral in continuous use in the United States.
• 1843 - Tivoli Gardens, one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world, opens in Copenhagen, Denmark.
• 1863 - The Anglo-Satsuma War begins between the Satsuma Domain of Japan and the United Kingdom (Traditional Japanese date: July 2, 1863).
• 1869 - Meiji government establishes six ministries below Pardication in the bottom of Cabinet, officer-of-Shinto-Worship, and jurisdiction of Cabinet.
• 1891 - San Sebastian Church in Manila, the first all-steel church in Asia, is officially inaugurated and blessed.
• 1914 - A male servant of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright set fire to the living quarters of the architect's Wisconsin home, Taliesin, murdered seven people, and burned the living quarters to the ground. It is unknown if the servant was arrested or not.
• 1914 - The Panama Canal opens to traffic with the transit of the cargo ship Ancon.
• 1920 - Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw - Poles defeat the Red Army.
• 1935 - Will Rogers and Wiley Post are killed after engine problems during takeoff in Barrow, Alaska.
• 1939 - 13 Stukas dive into the ground during a disastrous air-practice at Neuhammer. No survivors.
• 1942 - World War II: Operation Pedestal - The SS Ohio reaches the island of Malta barely afloat carrying vital fuel supplies for the island defenses.
• 1944 - World War II: Operation Dragoon - Allied forces land in southern France.
• 1945 - World War II: Victory over Japan Day - Japan surrenders.
• 1945 - World War II: Korean Liberation Day.
• 1947 - India gains independence from the United Kingdom and becomes an independent nation within the Commonwealth, Jawaharlal Nehru addresses the nation with the Indian Declaration of Independence and takes office as the first Prime Minister of India.
• 1947 - Founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah is sworn in as first Governor General of Pakistan at Karachi.
• 1948 - The Republic of Korea is established south of the 38th parallel north.
• 1950 - Srikakulam district is formed in Andhra Pradesh, India.
• 1952 - Devon, United Kingdom A flashflood drenches the town of Lynmouth, killing 34 people.
• 1960 - Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) declares its independence from France.
• 1961 - Conrad Schumann flees from East Germany while on duty guarding the construction of the Berlin Wall.
• 1961 - Keiyo Road is specified to be the first driveway in Japan.
• 1962 - James Joseph Dresnok defected to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, running across the Korean DMZ. Dresnok still resides in the capital, Pyongyang.
• 1965 - The Beatles play to nearly 60,000 fans at Shea Stadium in New York City, marking the birth of stadium rock.
• 1969 - The Woodstock Music and Art Festival opens.
• 1971 - President Richard Nixon completes the break from the gold standard by ending convertibility of the United States dollar into gold by foreign investors.
• 1971 - Bahrain Independence Day.
• 1973 - Vietnam War: The United States bombing of Cambodia ends.
• 1974 - Seoul Subway Line 1 opened, between Seoul Station and Cheongnyangni Station
• 1974 - Yuk Young-soo, First Lady of South Korea is killed amid an apparent assassination attempt upon President of South Korea, Park Chung-hee, during the anniversarial ceremony of the Liberation day.
• 1974 - Turkish invasion of Cyprus continues, and the 37% of the island is now under Turkish control.
• 1975 - Military coup in Bangladesh. Sheikh Mujibur Rehman killed along with all family members, except Haseena Wajid.
• 1975 - Miki Takeo makes the first official pilgrimage to Yasukuni Shrine by a sitting prime minister on the anniversary of the end of World War II.
• 1977 - The Big Ear, a radio telescope operated by The Ohio State University as part of the SETI project, receives a radio signal from deep space; the event is named the "Wow! signal" for notation made by a volunteer on the project.
• 1984 - PKK, Kurdish people in Turkey gain arms and start a Guerrilla warfare campaign against the Turkish military
• 1993 - Junko Asari wins the women's marathon in the World Athletics Championships in Stuttgart, Japan's first major women's athletics victory.
• 1995 - In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet matriculated at The Citadel, but drops out in less than a week.
• 1998 - Omagh bomb in Northern Ireland, becoming the worst terrorist incident of The Troubles
• 1999 - Beni Ounif massacre in Algeria; some 29 people killed at a false roadblock near the Moroccan border, leading to temporary tensions with Morocco.
• 2003 - Global oil production begins a four-year plateau (and subsequent decline) in the face of rising demand, causing the start of the Oil price increases since 2003.
• 2007 - An 8.0-magnitude earthquake off the Pacific coast devastates Ica and various regions of Peru killing 514 and injuring 1,090.

Births